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1、人教版（2019）高中英语选择性必修第二册课文原文与翻译Unit 1To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.-Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld译文：提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。Reading and ThinkingJOHN SNOW D
4、国医生约翰斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，崔乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望In general, doctors in those days had twocontradictorytheories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Anoth
5、er was that cholera was caused by aninfectionfrom germs in food or water. Snowsubscribedtothe second theory. It was correct, but he still neededproof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera out
6、break wassoseverethatmore than 500 people died in ten days. Hewas determined tofind out why关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。Snow began bymarking on a mapthe exact places where all
7、those who died had lived. There weremultipledeaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, somehouseholds(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They ha
10、置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。The truth was that the water from the
11、Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show alinkbetween other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted byrawwaste. The people who drank this waterweremuch morelikely toget
12、cholera than those who drankpureor boiled water事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。ThroughSnows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw asubstantial decrease
14、ason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。Using LanguageTHE FATHER OF CHINAS AEROSPACE中国航天之父Perhaps no other scientist hashad a greater im
15、pact onChinas aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of theStory of Qian Xuesenas a man with great scientific thought and scientific spirit who was patriotic and served his homelandwith effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man.也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对
16、中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，钱学森的故事一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献成就斐然。Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qianattended schoolsin Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However，after the Songhu Battlebroke outin 1932，Qianmade the decision toswit
17、ch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect anddefendthe country.钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of
18、 the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduateassistantat the California institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion
19、 Laboratory, now one of NASAS leading space-exploration centres.1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to
20、 China in 1955. He received a heros welcome from his homeland and was putin charge of not onlydeveloping Chinas rocket sciencebut alsoits space andmissileprogramme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a ma
21、jor, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let thatdiscouragehimfromtaking onthe challenge. When asked Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” his reply was a determined Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.”留学美
22、国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他:“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗?他的回答十分坚定:“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。”Under Qiansleadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long Marc
23、h rockets. In 1970, China successful launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qians research, Qian earned the name of the father of Chinas aerospace.”在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，
24、紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such anoutstandingand creative scientist was probably his stron
25、g interest in other things,such asmusic and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research.钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qians death,
27、alk. Since hecame down witha disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles his world became one ofabstractthought.史蒂芬霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a gr
29、e pointin time and space. The biggest champion of the steady stateconceptwas Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyles lectures, Hawking stood up andpointed outthat Hoyle hadmade a mistakein his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that
30、 the big bang theoryand not the steady state theorywas true. Hawkings own work on the big bang theory was soon proven byastronomerswithtelescopes. A star was born。霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论:第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问
31、答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius? Besides beingbrilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. Hewas willing tosay what otherswere afraid tosay, and todream ofwhat others were afraid
34、GSIs it possible to make machines think like humans? This is one question in researchin the field ofArtificial Intelligence, or AI”. To think like a human, it involves feelings, morality, hopes, and dreams, Humansare capable ofmaking decisions by themselves without input from others, and they canlea
35、rn fromexperience.有没有可能让机器像人类一样思考？这是人工智能，即AI 领域研究中的一个问题。要像人类一样思考，就涉及到感情、道德、希望和梦想，人类能够在不需要他人输入的情况下自己做出决定，并且可以从经验中学习到知识.In addition, humans are able to create things from their own inspiration for their own pleasure. The question is whether machines can ever really thinkin all these aspects.此外，人类还能根据自
36、己的灵感创造出自己喜欢的东西。问题是，机器是否真的能在所有这些方面进行思考。The idea of a computer that is all-powerful and can think and make decisions for itself terrifies many people. In some films, Al even decides that all humans must be killed. Many people are also concerned that AI will be used to replace humans.一台全能的电脑，可以自己思考和做决定
38、likely thatthey will grow more important in our livesas time goes by. However, the need for such robots does not seem to be as critical as our head for intelligent machines that can solve problems by learning from their observations and experience.然而也有人因为想到了Al而感到欣慰，也许有了Al，就可以让机器人来代替死去的亲人。如今，能够实现人类思维
39、的全能计算机的创造还在进行中。我们已经有了陪伴机器人，而且随着时间的推移，它们在我们生活中的重要性可能会越来越大。然而，对于这种机器人的需求似乎并不像我们的脑袋那样关键，我们需要的是能够通过观察和经验的学习来解决问题的智能机器。For example, Al is already being used with great success in Internet search engines and as a personal assistant in our smartphones. It learns from our habits to help us find what we want
40、 and like. Al is also used to diagnose problems and suggest solutions. Researchers are also experimenting with the use of Al in driverless cars which can sense their surroundings and decide on the best way to reach a destination. It is also being used in education, particularly in online courses. Fu
42、f tasks such assetting outfavourite clothes and helping us with our personal grooming.例如，Al已经在互联网搜索引擎和我们智能手机的个人助理中得到了非常成功的应用。它可以从我们的习惯中学习，帮助我们找到我们想要和喜欢的东西。Al还被用来诊断问题并提出解决方案。研究人员还在尝试将Al用于无人驾驶汽车，它可以感知周围环境并决定到达目的地的最佳方式。它还被用于教育，特别是在线课程。此外，那些使用机器人进行重复性或危险性工作的行业往往会求助于Al来管理这些电子工人。此外，如今一些家庭也在使用虚拟助理。在不久的将来，A
43、l很有可能被用来管理智能家居，并处理更多种类的任务，比如摆放喜欢的衣服，帮助我们进行个人修饰。The Al of today has already proven its superioritytohumans in many areas. Do you think that we can create a robot that thinks like a human or one that is even more intelligent? If so, is there truly a difference between AI and a human?如今的Al已经在很多方面证明了它对人
47、ion, she explained.谢蕾在中国一所大学攻读商科，来我校参加为期一年的交流项目。“之所以选择这个交流项目，是因为我想了解全球商务，并提高我的英语水平。我的志向是毕业后在中国创办一家企业。”她解释道。At first,Xie Lei had toadapt tolife in a different country. “You have toget used toa whole new life.” she said. I had to earn how to use public transport and how toask forthings I didnt know th
48、e English names for. When I got lost,I had toaskpassers-byfor help,but people here speak fast and use words Im not familiar with. I ask them to repeat themselves a lot!”起初，谢蕾不得不去适应异国他乡的生活。“你必须习惯种全新的生活。”她说，“我得学会使用公共交通，学会要到我不知道英文名称的东西。迷路时，我得向路人求助但是这里的人讲话语速很快，而且使用的是我不熟悉的单词。我老是让他们重复!”Although some forei
49、gn students live in campus accommodation,Xie Lei chose to live with a host family，who canhelp withher adaptation to the new culture. When I miss home, I feel comforted to have a second family，Xie Lei said“When theres something I dont know or understand I can ask them. Theyarealsokeen tolearn about C
50、hina. Laura,the daughter of my host family, wants to study in China in the future. Wetake turns tocook each evening. They really love my stir-fried tomatoes and eggs! Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to cook it, too.虽然一些留学生住在学校里，但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭有助于她适应异国文化。“有第二个家
51、，想家时我会得到些安慰。”谢蕾说。“当我有不知道或不理解的事情时，我可以咨询他们。他们对中国也很感兴趣，我房东的女儿劳拉将来想到中国求学。我们每晚轮流做饭，他们真的很爱吃我做的番茄炒蛋!劳拉说，每次闻到香味，她就感到饥肠辘辘，于是我教她做这道菜。Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements. The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had sa
52、id if she cited their ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought! Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew less than other people. Her tutor advised her to read lots of informationin order toform a wise opinion of her own谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学业要求。她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过他主要还
53、是想了解她本人的观点!谢蕾困惑不解，因为她觉得自己懂得没有别人多。她的导师建议她广泛阅读文献，形成自己睿智的观点。Xie Lei also found many courses included students participation in class as part of the final result. Students need to generate ideas, offer examples, apply concepts, and raise questions,as well asgive presentations. At first, Xie Leihad no id
54、eawhat she should say, but what surprised her was that she found herselfspeaking upin class after just a few weeks. “My presentation on traditional Chinese art was a great success, which boosted my confidence,” she said. “Ill use these skills backhome for presentations. They ll help me build a stron
55、g business in the future.”此外，谢蕾发现很多课程的最终成绩都包含学生的课堂参与。学生需要形成观点、提供例子、运用概念、提出问题并且还要进行展示。刚开始的时候，谢蕾不知道该说些什么。但令她惊喜的是，仅仅几周时间，她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。“我的中国传统艺术展示非常成功，提升了我的自信心。”她说，“回国后，我会将这些技能运用到展示中，帮助我未来打造一家强大的企业。”Now halfway through her exchange year, Xie Leifeels much more at homein the UK. What seemed strange befor
56、e now appears quite normal to her. Engaging in British culture has helped, she said. As well as studying hard, Ivebeen involved insocial activities. British people are fascinated by our culture andeager tolearn more about it, so Im keen tosharemy culturewiththem. While Im learning about business Im
57、also acting as a cultural messenger building a bridge between us。年的交换生生涯现已过半，谢蕾感觉在英国过得轻松自如多了。以前看似奇怪的事情现在对她来说显得十分平常。融入英国文化使我受益匪浅。”她说，“努力学习之余我还参加了一些社交活动。英国人对我们的文化十分着迷渴望了解更多中国文化，因此我也乐于同他们分享。攻读商科的同时，我也扮演着文化使者的角色，在中外文化之间架起一座桥梁。We will follow Xie Leis progress in later editions,but for now wewish her all
58、the best.我们会在随后的几期中跟踪报道谢蕾的进展情况，但现在我们祝她一切顺利Using LanguageSTUDYING ABROADIS IT A GOOD OR A BAD IDEA?留学:好主意，还是坏主意?Dear Editor尊敬的编辑:In the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people studying abroad. Although studying abroad can bring great benefits, I think the disadvan
59、tages for young people are greater.过去几十年里，留学人数急剧增长。尽管留学大有裨益但我认为，留学对年轻人来说是弊大于利To begin with, many students who study abroad face great economic pressure. That means studying abroad is just not possible for everyone. Tuition fees and living expenses are much more expensive than at home and couldend up
60、 costingmost families an arm and a leg. Studying in China is much more convenient and can help save money首先，许多留学生面临着巨大的经济压力，这意味着并非每个人都有留学的可能。国外的学费和生活开销比国内昂贵得多，大部分家庭最终可能要花费一大笔钱。而在中国读书则更加方便，还能省钱。Another important factor to consider is the tremendous pressure thatcomes withstudying abroad. Students mus
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