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具有豁免权的外交护照是一个被广泛误解的话题。外交护照发给因公务或公务出国的政府官员或雇员（及其家属）。这些是政府签发的免费护照，有效期通常为 5 年。
让我们先了解一下基础知识。外交官有权享有免于逮捕或起诉等权利和特权，但这种豁免权不是自动的。根据双边外交关系，外交官需要单独的外交签证（许多国家免签证）。在一些机场，外交护照持有人有单独的护照检查站。
外交豁免权的起源
外交豁免的概念可以在《罗摩衍那》和《摩诃婆罗多》等古印度史诗中找到，其中信使和外交官被赋予免于死刑的豁免权.
成吉思汗和蒙古人以坚持外交官的权利而闻名，他们经常对任何侵犯这些权利的国家进行可怕的报复
1708 年，英国议会正式承认外交豁免权并禁止逮捕外国使节。1790 年，美国通过了类似的立法，为外交官及其家人和仆人以及较低级别的外交使团人员提供绝对豁免权。
外交和领事豁免权并非旨在使个人受益;它们旨在使外国政府或国际组织的使命受益。因此，个人并不“拥有”他或她的豁免权，任务成员的政府可以全部或部分放弃该豁免权。
外交官不能凌驾于法律之上，必须尊重东道国的法律。外交豁免权被广泛误解，以至于它给了 Kill 许可证。这完全是一个神话！
外交官不能凌驾于法律之上
现代外交豁免权在《维也纳外交关系公约》（1961 年）中被编纂为国际法，已被 192 个国家接受。外交豁免权被世界各地的许多外国外交官滥用，却不知道其后果。外交官违反东道国的法律，可能会导致双边关系严重紧张。
简而言之
简而言之，这就是您应该了解的有关外交护照的信息
不要自动授予外交豁免权。
不要免除持票人遵守外国法律。
并非所有外交护照都有豁免权（有些豁免权较低，具体取决于官员的级别）。
请勿携带机密或敏感物品出境。
不要让持有人回避外国移民局的问题或绕过安检。
不要保护其持有人免受逮捕、战争危险、犯罪暴力或恐怖主义。滥用也可能受到纪律处分
让我们看看关于外交豁免权的重要事实..
1. 在国外没有豁免权
外交豁免权不适用于任何其他国家的外交官，而是他们被任命的国家/地区。例如，如果外交官被派往意大利，则豁免权仅适用于意大利，不适用于其他国家。
2. 外交官只能是公民
维也纳公约要求派遣国公民的外交官被指派与外国建立外交关系。 对于获得具有豁免权的外交护照的非公民来说，这种情况极为罕见。
3. 无自动免疫
这不是真的。只有高级外交官才能获得豁免权。它不是自动的。人们普遍存在误解，认为领事人员具有外交身份并有权享有外交豁免权。
4. 东道国提供外交豁免权
发送国不提供免疫。事实上，要指派外交官，需要事先获得接收国/公司的许可.
接收状态提供免疫，而不是发送状态。
接收国或东道国也可以驱逐外交官。
5. 没有杀人许可证。
外交豁免权并不能免于起诉或处罚。这是因为，派遣国可以随时撤销外交官的起诉豁免权。这也适用于家庭成员。
2002 年，哥伦比亚政府放弃了外交豁免权，一名驻伦敦的哥伦比亚外交官因过失杀人而被起诉。
1997 年，格鲁吉亚驻华盛顿大使馆的一名第二高级外交官在酒后驾车事故中杀死一名青少年后被判处 21 年监禁，因此被放弃了外交豁免权。
如果外交官藐视当地法律，将自己的职业生涯置于危险之中，如果他们违反维也纳公约，他们也会面临严厉的纪律处分。起诉可由派遣国承担。过去，外交官曾因在国外犯下的罪行而被起诉和监禁。
6. CBI 计划不授予外交护照
投资公民身份计划仅提供普通护照，与外交护照无关。许多富商认为外交护照是用来出售的。冷酷的现实是外交护照毫无用处，实际上不如普通护照，因为它们有几个限制。
确实，一些国家的腐败官员参与了外交护照交易。
7. 外交官享有免税身份
外交官免缴所有国家、地区或市政会费和税款，无论是自有还是租赁。 外交官个人使用的物品免征进口关税和关税。
8. 外交包可以通过 X 光检查。
虽然外交官包在机场不被任何接收国官员打开或扣留，但它会进入 X 光机检查包中没有携带非法物品。外交邮袋必须带有明显的大使馆外部标志，并且只能包含外交文件或公务物品。
9. 领事官员
给予工作人员的领事豁免权是外交豁免权的一种较轻的形式。
1963 年《维也纳领事关系公约》授予被分配到首都以外领事馆的领事人员非常有限的特权和豁免。
10.
临时外交官没有豁免权
临时派遣的外交官或随外交使团执行短期公务的外交官通常不享有任何特权和豁免。
11. 外交护照不得用于个人目的
外交护照只能签发给公务旅行的人。他们只能使用外交护照前往他们被指定的东道国。
外交护照持有人在旅行时应练习携带普通护照和外交护照。外交护照不能用于个人用途或旅行。他们必须使用普通护照进行所有个人旅行，例如。旅游或旅游假期。这就是为什么外交护照的特权有限，这就是为什么普通护照比外交护照好得多的原因
在一些机场，外交护照持有人有单独的护照检查站。
12. 家庭成员没有民事管辖权豁免权
构成外交代表家庭一部分的家庭成员享有完全相同的特权和豁免权。由于这些家庭成员没有要履行的官方职责，因此他们不享有民事管辖权的豁免权。
外交人员的私人仆人不享有管辖豁免或不可侵犯
13. 外交官获得民事诉讼豁免权
外交官享有民事诉讼豁免权，但以下四种情况除外：
与非代表使团进行的不动产交易有关;
与他们作为在东道国分配的遗产的遗嘱执行人或继承人可能扮演的任何角色有关;
与执行公务范围之外的专业或商业活动有关;或就同一标的物提出的反诉，当他们是诉讼的发起方时。
14. 不能免于交通违规
外交官既不能免于交通罚款或违章停车，也不能免于交通罚款或违章停车。
15. 外交官需要签证
外交官也需要“外交签证”才能旅行。没有自动免签证旅行，不像你想象的那样。
例如，前往美国仅代表本国政府从事公务或活动的外交官和其他外国政府官员必须在进入美国之前获得 A-1 或 A-2 签证。 他们不能使用访客签证或免签证计划旅行。
外交护照或公务护照将由华盛顿特区的特别签发机构签发。
16. 汽车牌照
大多数国家/地区向经认证的外交官发放特殊的汽车牌照，以表明这些车辆的操作员和乘客可能享有外交豁免权。这些是常用的代码
CD – Corps Diplomatique
D – 外交官
EU – 欧盟
OSCE – 欧洲安全与合作组织
公务护照与外交护照
公务护照和外交护照都赋予其持有者不同程度的外交豁免权。例如，在美国，
公务护照发给出国执行公务的美国政府官员或雇员;和
外交护照是发给外交官员或具有外交身份或类似身份的人，因为他或她代表美国政府出国执行外交职责。
你可能不知道的事情
美国总统将获得终身外交护照，即使在他卸任后也是如此。
英国女王没有任何旅行护照。她持有护照就变得多余了，因为所有的护照都是以女王陛下的名义签发的。
蒙古人发明了世界上第一本被称为“御匾会”的外交护照
Diplomatic passports that comes with immunity is a widely misunderstood topic. Diplomatic passports are issued to officials or employees of the Government (and their dependents) traveling abroad on official work or duties. These are no fee passports issued by Governments usually valid for 5 years.
Let us get to know the basics first. Diplomats are entitled to rights and privileges such as immunity from arrest or prosecution, but the immunity is not automatic. Diplomats require a separate diplomatic visas (many countries exempt visas) for travel depending on the bilateral foreign relations. At some airports, there are separate passport checkpoints for diplomatic passport holders.
The concept of diplomatic immunity can be found in ancient Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, where messengers and diplomats were given immunity from capital punishment. Genghis Khan and the Mongols were well known for insisting on the rights of diplomats, and would often take terrifying vengeance against any state that violated these rights
In 1708, the British Parliament formally recognized diplomatic immunity and banned the arrest of foreign envoys. In 1790, the United States passed similar legislation that provided absolute immunity for diplomats and their families and servants, as well as for lower ranking diplomatic mission personnel.
Diplomats are NOT above the law and must respect the host country laws. Diplomatic immunity is widely misunderstood in such a way that it gives license to Kill. This is totally a myth!
Diplomats are NOT above the law
In a nutshell , this is what you should know about diplomatic passports
Do NOT confer automatic diplomatic immunity.
Do not exempt the bearer from foreign laws.
Not all diplomatic passports have immunity (some have less immunity, depending on the rank of the official).
Do not allow the bearer to carry classified or sensitive material across borders.
Do not allow the bearer to avoid questions from foreign immigration or bypass security.
Do not protect their holders from arrest, hazards of war, criminal violence, or terrorism.
Misuse may also be subject to disciplinary action.
Diplomats may be subjected increased scrutiny by foreign governments and other entities.
Many countries have separate visa requirements for Diplomatic passport holders
Let’s take a look at the important facts about diplomatic immunity..
The Diplomatic immunity does not apply to the diplomats in any other country rather then the one they are appointed in. For example if the diplomat is assigned to Italy, immunity applies ONLY in Italy not in other countries.
The Vienna convention requires diplomats who are citizens of the sending state, assigned to conduct diplomatic relations with foreign countries. It is extremely rare for non-citizens given given diplomatic passports with immunity.
This is not true. Only top level diplomats given immunity. It is not automatic. There is a common misunderstanding that consular personnel have diplomatic status and are entitled to diplomatic immunity.
The sending state does not provide immunity. Infact to assign a diplomat, a prior permission is required from receiving state/country to assign a diplomat. The receiving state provides immunity NOT sending state.
The receiving state or host country may also expel diplomats.
Diplomatic immunity does not provide insulation from prosecution or punishment. This is because, the sending country can revoke diplomat’s immunity anytime for prosecution. This also applies to family members.
In 2002, a Colombian diplomat in London was prosecuted for manslaughter, once diplomatic immunity was waived by the Colombian government.
In 1997, a second-highest-ranking diplomat at the Georgian Embassy in Washington, had his diplomatic immunity waived after he killed a teenager in a drunk driving accident, sentenced to 21 years imprisonment.
Diplomats also face severe disciplinary action if they flout local laws putting their career at risk, if they violate against Vienna convention. Prosecution may be undertaken by the sending state. In the past, diplomats have been prosecuted and jailed for crimes committed outside the country.
It is true some corrupt officials in some countries take part in the diplomatic passport trade.
Diplomats are exempt from all national, regional or municipal dues and taxes, whether owned or leased. Diplomats are exempt from import duty and tariffs for items for their personal use.
Although diplomats bag has the immunity of not to be opened or detained by any official of receiving country in airports, but it will go into the x-ray machine to check that no illegal substance is being carried in the bag. The diplomatic bag must bear visible external mark of the embassy and may contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.
Consular immunity given to staff is a lesser form of diplomatic immunity.
The 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations grants a very limited level of privileges and immunities to consular personnel assigned to consulates that are located outside of capitals.
Diplomats who are assigned on temporary basis, or sent short-term official duty with diplomatic missions ordinarily do not enjoy any privileges and immunities.
Diplomatic passports can only be issued to travelling on official duty. They can ONLY use the diplomatic passport to travel to the host country where they are appointed.
At some airports, there are separate passport checkpoints for diplomatic passport holders.
Family members forming part of the household of diplomatic agents enjoy precisely the same privileges and immunities . Since these family members have no official duties to perform, they enjoy no immunity from civil jurisdiction.
The private servants of diplomatic personnel enjoy no jurisdictional immunity or inviolability
Diplomats have immunity from civil suits except in four very limited circumstances:
in connection with real property transactions not conducted on behalf of the mission;
in connection with any role they may play as executor for or heir to an estate being distributed in the host country;
in connection with the performance of professional or commercial activities outside the scope of their official duties; or
in respect of counterclaims on the same subject matter when they have been the initiating party in a suit.
Diplomats are neither exempted nor given immunity from traffic fines or parking violations.
Diplomats also need 'diplomatic visas’ to travel. No automatic visa free travel, unlike you think.
A diplomatic passport or official passport will be issued by the Special Issuance Agency in Washington, DC.
Most countries issue special car license plates to accredited diplomats, to indicate the operators and passengers of those vehicles may have diplomatic immunity. These are the frequently used codes
CD – Corps Diplomatique
D – Diplomat
EU – European Union
OSCE – Organization For Security And Co-operation In Europe
The official and diplomatic passports both conferring varying levels of diplomatic immunity upon their bearers. In the US for example,
Official passport is issued to an official or employee of the U.S. Government traveling abroad to carry out official duties; and
Diplomatic passport is issued to a Foreign Service Officer or to a person having diplomatic status or comparable status because he or she is traveling abroad to carry out diplomatic duties on behalf of the U.S. Government.
The US president is issued diplomatic passport for life, even after he is out of office.
The Queen of England does not have any passport to travel. It makes it superfluous for her to hold one, as all passports are issued in the name of Her Majesty.
Mongols invented the world’s first diplomatic passport known as “Paiza” to protect merchants traveling in the silk route.
Diplomatic immunity first originated in India to protect messengers during hindu wars.
The Sovereign military order of Malta is one of the oldest diplomatic passports in the world about 500 in circulation.
The Queen’s messenger passport issued to couriers employed by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office. They hand-carry secret and important documents to British embassies, high commissions, and consulates around the world.